The Rise and Fall of Local Elections in China: Theory and Empirical Evidence on the Autocrat’s Trade-off
Monica Martinez-Bravo, Gerard Padró i Miquel, Nancy Qian, Yang Yao
Abstract
We propose a simple informational theory to explain why autocratic regimes introduce lo- cal elections. Because citizens have better information on local officials than the distant central government, delegation of authority via local elections improves selection and performance of local officials. However, local officials under elections have no incentive to implement un- popular centrally mandated policies. The model makes several predictions: i) elections pose a trade-off between performance and vertical control; ii) elections improve the selection of officials; and iii) an increase in bureaucratic capacity reduces the desirability of elections for the autocrat. To test (i) and (ii), we collect a large village-level panel dataset from rural China. Consistent with the model, we find that elections improve (weaken) the implementation of popular (unpopular) policies, and improve official selection. We provide a large body of qualitative and descriptive evidence to support (iii). In doing so, we shed light on why the Chinese government has systematically undermined village governments twenty years after they were introduced.
Keywords: Political Economy, Economic Development, Institutions
JEL Keywords: O2, P3, P16